A roux by any other name is still a roux, but maybe that other name should be “fat and flour paste thickener”, because the fancy French name seems to put people off.
Photos by Claire Lower.
The importance of a roux in gravies, sauces and soups cannot be overestimated, yet there are a startling number of home cooks who’ve never even attempted it. The good news is that a roux is very easy to master, and we’re going to walk you through it nice and slow.
First though, why do we even need these French things? Why can’t we just chuck some thickening starch granules into our soup or sauce and let things gel up on their own? According to Harold McGee in his ever-helpful food science tome, On Food and Cooking, if you add flour or some other starch directly to hot liquid, “it lumps up and never disperses evenly: The moment they hit the hot liquid, the clumps of starch granules develop a partially gelated, sticky surface that seal the dry granules inside and prevents them from dispersing.” Cooking the starch in an equal amount of fat before mixing it with liquid separates the granules, letting them gradually get to know their new aqueous friend, rather than seizing up due to an abrupt introduction.
![The Grown-Up Kitchen: How To Make A Damn Roux](https://www.lifehacker.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/11/ly5gonuic9mvhscpzjqi.jpg?quality=75?quality=75)
And that’s all that a roux — which actually means “red” — is: A mixture of fat and flour that’s been cooked a little bit (or a lotta bit, but we’ll get to that in a minute). There are three main endpoints to look for when making a roux:
- White: At this point, the moisture has been cooked out and the roux takes on a slightly bubbly or frothy appearance, but there is no change in colour. This takes about three minutes — depending on the fat you’re using — and removes any “raw” flour flavour. This colour of roux has the greatest thickening power.
- Blond: The flour develops a slight tan or yellow colour at this point, and has a bit more flavour than a white roux.
- Brown: As its name would suggest, this roux is brown, and has a nutty, toasted flavour. This colour roux is most commonly called for in Cajun and creole cooking, and has the least amount of thickening ability. Because you want to make sure you’re cooking the flour, and not burning the butter, it’s best to use an oil with a high smoke point, rather than butter.
Measure It Up
![The Grown-Up Kitchen: How To Make A Damn Roux](https://www.lifehacker.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/11/tcmu5oicj24qtl1wxt7x.jpg?quality=75?quality=75)
An “equal” amount of fat and flour is need for a roux, but not all measurement methods are created equally. Some recipes suggest doling out the two ingredients tablespoon for tablespoon but, if you really want to rock the roux, mass is the way to go.
This isn’t to say that a roux measured by volume will have no thickening power, it just won’t have as much. To get an idea of just how superior measuring by mass was, I made two gravies. The first I made my usual way. I got about two tablespoons of butter, weighed it, and then measured out the same amount of flour by weight (32g for each, which ended up being around three tablespoons of flour). I then melted the butter in the pan, added the flour, and pushed it around with my wooden spatula continuously until I reached that “frothy, but still pale” endpoint.
![The Grown-Up Kitchen: How To Make A Damn Roux](https://www.lifehacker.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/11/euchzfqjpgpniyftor8m.jpg?quality=75?quality=75)
I then added a cup of duck stock, and watched in vague horror as everything clumped up.
Don’t worry.
Luckily, with just a bit of vigorous stirring, the flour granules dispersed just fine and got to work transforming mere broth into mighty gravy.
![The Grown-Up Kitchen: How To Make A Damn Roux](https://www.lifehacker.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/11/pc6tu3o92cnr3rgv6ud7.jpg?quality=75?quality=75)
![The Grown-Up Kitchen: How To Make A Damn Roux](https://www.lifehacker.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/11/z97yj2udxcfq5zse9iyj.jpg?quality=75?quality=75)
I then put the resulting gravy on some home fries, along with peas and cheese and a bunch of other nonsense. It was good.
To compare, I then made another gravy, this time measuring everything by volume. As would be expected, the roux was a bit looser, and — as you can see from the below photo — didn’t have quite the thickening power to take on a whole cup of stock.
Sad!
The moral of this story, my friends, is to measure by mass if you wish to amass delicious gravy.
Colour Me Good
![The Grown-Up Kitchen: How To Make A Damn Roux](https://www.lifehacker.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/11/ieaikux4zf9yiprnsbbi-scaled.jpg?quality=75?quality=75)
A darker roux imparts more flavour to whatever you add it to, but you want to make sure it’s the flour you’re browning, not the cooking oil. If you’re aiming for a nice, chocolate-hued roux, butter isn’t your best bet, as those solids will burn, and flavour your roux with acrid, rather than pleasingly nutty, flavours. To see just how big of a difference the oil made, I made two different brown gravies with darker roux: One with regular butter and one with clarified ghee. The butter-based roux took about 12 minutes to get to this darker, almost milk-chocolate-brown place:
![The Grown-Up Kitchen: How To Make A Damn Roux](https://www.lifehacker.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/11/a5faxah8yjsgfwpkj8pb.png?quality=75?quality=75)
The ghee-cooked flour took almost twice as long to get just as dark (the ghee roux was also a lot looser, but this didn’t affect its ability to thicken):
![The Grown-Up Kitchen: How To Make A Damn Roux](https://www.lifehacker.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/11/gntmuelhurcdbkjwlozx.jpg?quality=75?quality=75)
I then made each roux into a gravy and, although they both thickened up just fine, the gravy made with butter tasted burnt and acrid, while the gravy made with ghee had a deep, nutty flavour with a lot of dimension.
Good Ghee Gravy.
A Note on Liquids and Their Temperatures
![The Grown-Up Kitchen: How To Make A Damn Roux](https://www.lifehacker.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/11/jkz50c4kfd0iqk0vlqkw.png?quality=75?quality=75)
A lot of people swear that your liquid — rather it be stock or milk — needs to warmed before it’s added to a roux. Then there are those that claim exactly the opposite, particularly when it comes to white, dairy-based sauces like bechamel.
I’ve added milk and stocks to roux at a whole variety of temperatures, and never found that it made a difference one way or the other. (I tend to add cold liquids, because I can’t be bothered to take that extra step and heat them ahead of time.) For me, the key to silky, lump-free sauces and gravies lies not in the temperature of your liquid, but in how well you whisk it.
To make a simple cheese sauce, I simply make a white roux (about 33g each of fat and flour) as described above, then dump — and I mean dump, not drizzle — a cup of of whole milk in the pan, whisking continuously. Sure, there are some clumps at first, but everything eventually disperses and thickens up into a thick, shiny sauce.
Dreaded, but temporary, lumps.
![The Grown-Up Kitchen: How To Make A Damn Roux](https://www.lifehacker.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/11/xkd8ppp9ncjxsinc24kc.jpg?quality=75?quality=75)
From there, I chuck in a handful or two of cheese, add a squirt of mustard, and season with salt and pepper for a cheesy sauce that’s perfect for stirring into macaroni or dipping pretty much anything in.
![The Grown-Up Kitchen: How To Make A Damn Roux](https://www.lifehacker.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/11/yuzg5x4ht1qqjweczhcn.jpg?quality=75?quality=75)
So, to recap. To make a roux, you need to:
- Measure out equal parts fat and flour by weight, aiming for about 33g of each for every cup of liquid you’d like to thicken.
- Cook over medium heat, stirring continuously, until you get the colour you want. White or blond is pretty good for most gravies and sauces, but brown is what you want for most Cajun dishes. If you know you’ll be using a brown roux, use clarified butter or some other oil with a high smoke point. Duck fat and bacon grease are good, tasty candidates.
Then you’re ready to add your liquid, be it broth, stock or dairy. If you’re a bit skittish, just add it slowly, and stir, stir, stir until the roux disperses. Keep stirring until everything gets nice and thick, then serve your sauce or gravy proudly.
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