It was Groucho Marx who said, “While money can’t buy happiness, it certainly lets you choose your own form of misery.” Quite true, but what if there’s no money coming in from work because your job’s been taken over by a machine? Giving people free money for doing nothing is an option. Let’s explore this radical idea.
David Tuffley is a Senior Lecturer in Applied Ethics and Socio-Technical Studies at Griffith University.
Robot working for money image from Shutterstock
Low wage earners appear to be most at risk from automation. In February 2016, the Council of Economic Advisers (an agency within the Executive Office of the US President) issued an alarming report predicting that an 80% or greater chance exists for people on basic incomes of US$20 per hour or less to be made redundant by smart machines in the foreseeable future.
After them come the mid-range workers. Clearly, we need strategies to address any job losses arising though increases in automation.
Theoretically, just about any job that can be described as a process could be done by a computer-controlled machine. In practice though, many employers will decide that keeping a human in a job is preferable to automating it.
These are jobs that involve some degree of empathy. Imagine telling a robot doctor what ails you in response to “please state the nature of your medical emergency”.
Free money for all – seriously?
But what about those people whose jobs are lost to automation? What if new jobs aren’t created to replace them? What are they to do if they can’t earn a living anymore?
This time it’s Karl Marx, not Groucho, who comes to mind with the idea of giving people a universal basic income (UBI). This is raised as a possible remedy to any misery caused by rising unemployment from job automation.
Put simply, a UBI is a pump-priming minimum income that is unconditionally granted to all on an individual basis, without any means test or work requirement. It eliminates the poverty traps that the poor fall into when welfare payments have many conditions and are administered by large and inflexible bureaucracies.
The suggestion of free money is sure to raise many peoples’ hackles. Yet, this seemingly outrageous idea is being taken seriously enough to be trialled by a growing number of governments around the world, including that of Finland, the Netherlands and Canada.
Meanwhile, Switzerland will hold a referendum in June on whether to include a flat monthly payment of 2,500 Swiss Francs (AU$3,380) to all adults, and a reduced flat payment of 625 Swiss Francs (AU$845) to children.
Some commentators, such as former US labor secretary Robert Reich, consider a form of guaranteed national income to be “almost inevitable”.
And the US libertarian think-tank, the Cato Institute, last May published an analysis on the pros and cons of a guaranteed national income. It makes for interesting reading.
The Dutch experiment
In the Netherlands, the provincial capital of Utrecht is planning a trial that it calls See What Works. This model is showing other governments how to go about their own trials. Four types of UBI will be tested over two years.
The first type gives people a basic income of around 850 Euros (AU$1,250) per month, requiring nothing in return, no reciprocal obligation. People are allowed to earn as much additional income as they desire.
The second gives people the UBI, but requires them to do volunteer community work to qualify for the full 850 Euros (AU$1,250). Non-volunteering recipients receive a reduced amount.
The third type offers additional money for volunteering, while the fourth gives people the 850 (AU$1,250) but does not allow them to do any work. A control group rounds out the trial.
What about welfare?
Under existing welfare arrangements, some people are already being paid even if they don’t work.
Non means-tested income would encourage people to work to supplement their basic income, an arrangement that would suit the rising class of freelance and casual workers in today’s information economies.
A basic income is described by some advocates in Silicon Valley as venture capital for poor people. They see it as enabling a pool of creative talent which has good ideas but not the means to pursue their projects and create the dynamic new industries that will be key to future prosperity.
Where will the money come from?
Advocates suggest that much of the funding currently going into welfare, state pensions, tax credits and various poverty alleviation schemes could be redeployed to fund a UBI to achieve better results.
More savings can be made by reducing the size of the government bureaucracies that administer them. Big government becomes smaller government.
The shortfall would need to be funded from tax revenue, and therein lies the rub. Raising taxes is never popular, particularly with those already saddled with heavy tax burdens.
But one thing is for sure: automation will continue to change the nature of employment, forcing economic restructuring whether we like it or not. There is pain ahead, and no avoiding it.
As counter intuitive as it might seem to those of us with a traditional work ethic (myself included), a UBI is worth exploring as a simple solution to a complex problem.
We must not underestimate the value of untapped human capital; people with the desire and capacity to be engaged and creative. If they do not need to take a menial job to cover their living expenses, they will have time to do more interesting things that are of benefit to society.
This article was originally published on The Conversation.
Comments
3 responses to “What To Do When Machines Take Our Jobs? Give Everyone Free Money”
Not condoning or anything, but I remember some info spruiking a radical idea where every financial transaction got hit with a 0.5% levy. Pull $100 out of the bank, get hit 50c. Put $100 in, get hit with 50c.
It was apparently enough to cover all the taxes collected, and then some. No income taxes, no company taxes, no stamp duties, nothing. I havent looked into it to say for sure by the way, but if it was, you’d free up so much administration that you’d generate even more savings.
If you’re going to be radical, why not go the whole way 🙂
I think the banks are doing this already – and keeping the money.
It’s called a “transaction fee” on ATMs.
Hehe, good point, but the benefit didnt come from the individual. The interesting part was more about how many transactions happen on a daily basis.
Which was mostly businesses, and its a lot. For us, we get hit at both ends basically, which as workers means 1% and no more.
One benefit thats sort of built up over the years (its a fairly old idea) is that it automatically addresses the digital nature of the modern world – how many tap and go these days rather than use cash? It also, to a point, starts ignoring the whole tax haven issue, as money is going to get hit as soon as its snuck into our system.
There used to be an old Debits Tax system at the State Govt level, done away with when GST came in. Was on withdrawals from chequeing accounts mostly (if memory serves) and there were some exemptions, but the idea is basically the same thing.
I cant see anyone actually trying it, because its such a massive change from tradition, but it would be interesting to see it tested.
I see the potential. But to be honest, I really feel like there will always be entry-level positions. For example the company I work with hires entry-level people for labor work. Building pools, maintaining, as is forced to meet with customers etc.. These jobs cannot be outsourced entirely to robots.
We do however have robots (really expensive ones) we use for our commercial clientele (the aquatic drones) but as advanced as they are, these still have to be manually added to each pool/ water feature. We are still light years away from real robotics taking over our-entry level ideas though. Great read tho!
Cant wait until we move closer to more automation!
http://www.commercialpoolservices.org/