You can customise nearly every last inch of your Linux installation to fit your liking, and it starts with choosing the right desktop environment. Whether you’re a Linux beginner or you’re just looking for a new interface, here’s an overview of how desktop environments work and how to pick the right one for you.
Windows and Mac OS X come with pretty specific graphical interfaces (you know, the windows, the skin, the system toolbars, etc.) that aren’t really built for customisation. With Linux, you can fully customise not only how your desktop looks, but even its functionality, and the settings available in its preferences. If you’re a beginning Linux user, you may have heard of popular desktop environments like GNOME, KDE, XFCE, Openbox, or others — but what do they all mean? Here, we’ll discuss what desktop environments are, and how to try new ones out on your existing Linux installation.
What Are Window Managers and Desktop Environments?
Seem overwhelming? It’s definitely a different experience than Windows and Mac OS X provide, where you just install the OS and go. What’s really cool, though, is that because there are so many different desktop environments, you can fully customise your experience by finding the right one for you. That is, if you have, say, an older machine, you can run a window manager by itself, or find a less less resource-intensive desktop environment. On the other hand, if you want a window manager that gives you lots of eye candy or configurable options, you can do that too.
Note: While window managers and desktop environments are separate things, the purpose of this article is to show you the versatility you have in choosing your Linux desktop, which includes using both desktop environments and window managers on their own. To make this explainer easy to understand though, I’ll be using the term “desktop environment” to mean desktop environment coupled with a window manager, or a window manager on its own.
Installing and Running a Desktop Environment
Desktop environments are separate from the operating system itself, so you have a lot of choices beyond what comes with your Linux distro. Here’s what you need to know about experimenting with desktop environments.
Running Desktop Environments
The cool thing about desktop environments is that you can install more than one on the same machine, and pick which one you want to use each time you log in. Many of your settings will stick between different window managers (specifically, the ones built into applications and the ones you’ve set at the command-line or config file level), while others will be reset (namely the ones related to managing your desktop, like window appearance or keyboard shortcuts).
Each desktop environment comes with a few essential programs of its own, too, so if you install more than one on the same machine, you’ll notice that you have a few extras in your menu. GNOME, for example, uses Nautilus as its default file browser, while KDE uses Dolphin — so if you have both GNOME and KDE on your system, you’ll see both file browsers in your menu, no matter which environment you’re currently running. Furthermore, each desktop environment has its own apps that you can download from your distro’s package manager: things like IM clients, mail clients, BitTorrent applications and other things.
While you can generally use an app in any environment, most people choose to use apps specifically tailored to the environment they’re using, because they’ll have tighter integration with the desktop. For example, GNOME users prefer to use Pidgin as their IM client, while KDE users tend to use Kopete. That said, certain apps — Firefox, Chrome and the GIMP come to mind — are designed with GNOME in mind but are often used across other desktop environments, simply because they’re the best at what they do. In the end, it’s up to you — again, the biggest advantage of the way desktop environments work is that you can completely customise how you use your system.
Installing Desktop Environments
Certain Linux distributions come with default desktop environments. OpenSUSE, for example, uses KDE as its default desktop environment. Others, like Arch Linux, let you pick which desktop environment you want to use when you install it. Ubuntu’s a bit special: while the default version is based on GNOME, it also has branded versions for other desktop environments, like Kubuntu (which uses KDE) and Xubuntu (which uses XFCE).
If you’re running a distribution other than Ubuntu, you can just install another desktop environment using your package manager (e.g. by running pacman -S kde in Arch). The next time you log out, you’ll be able to log into another desktop menu from a dropdown menu on the login window.
If you’re running something like Ubuntu, which has a few different “branded” desktop environments available, there are a few different ways to try one out. Say you’re running the default, GNOME-based version of Ubuntu, and you want to try out KDE. You can either install Kubuntu and get the Ubuntu-branded version of KDE (with a bunch of extra apps installed, like an IM client and a mail client), or you can just install KDE. Generally, I’d recommend installing the Ubuntu-branded versions in these cases, since they come with a bunch of apps designed specifically for that desktop environment and, like I said, you generally want to use apps that integrate well with your desktop.
What Desktop Environments Are Out There?
GNOME
KDE
XFCE
Window Managers
These are the three most popular desktop environments, but you have a lot of options available to you, including installing a window manager without a desktop environment. Installing a window manager on its own (like the popular Enlightenment, Fluxbox or AwesomeWM window managers) will definitely be a different experience than using a full desktop environment. They often lack taskbars, panels and obvious menus, so there’s a pretty serious learning curve, but they’re definitely the most lightweight way to add a GUI to your Linux machine. They’re great for super low-powered machines, servers, or in other niche situations where you don’t need a full desktop environment (I, for example, use Fluxbox on my home theatre PC, since I need a window manager to launch video games from XBMC). It’s not a route I’d recommend to most people for their main computer, but it’s worth a mention for those looking for something completely different.
GUIs in Linux are fantastic, I use them a lot.
But remember, the command line is your best friend 🙂
You should have also mentioned LXDE- it beats XFCE in terms of ‘lightweightness’ and usability.